Americans Need More Vacation Time :: Argumentative Essays

â€Å"I truly need a vacation!† Is there an increasingly normal expression in the working environment in America today? I’m sure we all had articulated that express in any event once over the most recent a year. Americans are so excursion denied, at that point how can it be that right around 33% of the American working grown-ups are surrendering some earned get-away this year, and when they do take some time off they despite everything accomplish some work by checking in with office correspondences, as indicated by a Harris Interactive get-away related survey? The accompanying table underneath demonstrates that the U.S. positions tenth in term of normal number of get-away days around the globe every year, with the normal of only 13 days out of every year contrasted with the United Kingdom’s 28, and Italy’s 42 days of the year. Indeed, even the normal specialist in Japan †where the term karoshi, which implies â€Å"death by overwork†, was instituted gets five weeks of yearly paid excursion. Normal Number of Vacation Days Around the World Per Year Italyâ â â â â 42 days Franceâ â â â â 37 days Germanyâ â â â â 35 days Brazilâ â â â â 34 days Joined Kingdomâ â â â â 28 days Canadaâ â â â â 26 days Koreaâ â â â â 25 days Japanâ â â â â 25 days U.S.     13 days Source: World Tourism Organization (WTO). We like to imagine that we’ve got the world’s best quality of living with the per capita GDP of $37,800, third most noteworthy on the planet , but, we are the main industrialized country that won't order get-away for laborers in the private area. Also, on the off chance that you think we are benefiting as much as possible from those not very many days that we get, you couldn’t be all the more off-base. As per an investigation directed in May 2004 by Harris Interactive, the normal American arranged not to utilize three of their excursion days this year, up from two days a year ago. The investigation additionally found that almost 40 percent American said they had dropped or delayed get-aways because of work. So what’s the issue with us?

Essay --

Intense on hoodlums, delicate on wrongdoing: force, drugs and the disappointment Over the ongoing past one of the serious issues has been that of contentions between the crooks and the general public all in all. There has been banter with respect to the realities whether we have taken care of the issues all the more relevantly or not. Since there are sure ways of thinking that are of the conclusion that we ought not go delicate on the wrongdoing side regardless or structure. It is this universe of the composed wrongdoing that is liable for all the force misuse and the medications and they have caused, impelled and on occasion paid off the individuals to carry the social framework to a halt. It is all their doing which can end up being unreasonably expensive for the individuals and the way of life just as for the economy in general over the long haul. According to the contention point of view, the differential structure of social force fundamentally necessitates that predominant gathe rings to practice command over subordinate gatherings yet is that actually the case? Truly we do require some type of predominance and the other over the timeframe however is that actually all that there is to life? In all actuality in the event that we take a gander at things this is the manner in which we have started to see things in light of the fact that a greater and a superior society needs individuals to be progressively open and they should be increasingly able. They are the ones who need to take a gander at the things and it is dependent upon them to decipher the implications of the things in the exacting sense. In the event that we begin to accept that the individuals will command others and there are some who are accommodating and harmless and there would others say others are who are acceptable at administration and who are acceptable at controlling things is that the adequate motivation to permit them to do the things their way? As I would like to think it ought to nev er be that way basically in light of the fact that the individuals who have the force ... ... move constantly. It is about the idea of enslavement and the auxiliary wrongdoing related with it, which causes such a significant number of individuals to get snared in everything. In spite of the fact that there has been a ton of discussion about the treatment and restoration and the purpose behind that will be that it is fundamentally more affordable and increasingly successful. Open security is something that is totally subject to how well we can control the previously mentioned social shades of malice on the grounds that before them it turns into an auxiliary thing. Detainment isn't generally the main arrangement that is accessible to the specialists since that may stop the universe of sorted out wrongdoing however it doesn't strike at the very roots that it is established on. That is the entire target that we ought to abstain from going delicate on the universe of wrongdoing no matter what on the off chance that we need to get any opportunity of safeguarding the sacredness of things to come ages.

How to Write a Good Descriptive Essay

How to Write a Good Descriptive Essay 6 Steps to an Amazing Descriptive Essay Home›Education Posts›6 Steps to an Amazing Descriptive Essay Education PostsWriting Tips on  Descriptive EssayDescriptive writing may seem like a piece of cake, but in reality, it is much harder than anyone assumes when they hear about it. The key to a good essay in this circumstance is details and attention to every single relevant feature. Here are five steps that will lead you to creating an amazing work from your descriptive writing ideas.Choose a subjectHonestly, choosing a subject should not be perplexing. However, nothing is simple when it comes to writing a descriptive essay. You have to consider many things, such as whether the subject interests you personally, would it even be interesting to other people, does it have enough substance to write over fifteen thousand words discussing the issues, and the like. Go for something that is either still fresh in your memory or which left such a strong impression that you still remember it in great detail. This will help you achieve the level of detail necessary for the descriptive writing.Create an  outlinetructure is an important element of any piece of writing. The fact that this type of essay is just a description of something does not mean that you should not create an outline listing all you might want to talk about first. This can also help with figuring out how to fill out that word count requirement. You can also use diagrams, graphs, or spreadsheets. Just choose something that works for you.Do your research firstMany students think that a descriptive essay is simpler to create just because no research needs to be done. That could not be further from the truth. No matter what your subject is, even if it is something that you personally know a lot about, doing research can yield new and unexpected information and thus change your perspective on the topic of the piece.Choose an angleArgumentative essays are not the only ones where you need to pick a side. Desc riptive essays often suffer from bias so it is better to choose yours consciously. What is the main idea you are trying to convey? Find your focus and follow it!Don’t forget about proper academic structureMany students tend to forget about such things as paragraph topics and introductory sentences when they write descriptively, simply because it is an easier, less rigid style. However, that does not mean that you should turn your essay into a stream of consciousness. Follow the rules and get good grades.Always proofreadI don’t care how smart you are. Proofreading literally saves grades. Take a second to reread whatever you’ve created before submitting and I guarantee that there will be mistakes and misprints aplenty.Follow these tips and ace your essay!

Those Winter Sundays By Robert Hayden - 2045 Words

Those Winter Sundays In â€Å"Those Winter Sundays†, Robert Hayden introduces us to the theme of love unlike in any other poems. The theme of love in this poem is different from any other contemporary love themes because here, Hayden doesn’t talk about the amorously affectionate emotion between young lovers like Romeo and Juliet, but the deep familial love between a parent and a child. This kind of love is not pretentious. Their love is not exhibited by kisses or hugs; while it may go unnoticed it is always in existence. Hayden showcases the love between the parent and a child as the most selfless and strongest love of them all. Hayden defines an unspoken love and offers us a glimpse into an ordinary father-child relationship by the use of literary elements such as sound, point of view of the speaker and imagery with vivid description that includes details that appeal to the senses. â€Å"Those Winter Sundays† is a short lyric poem. It is written in a simple language and is clear and precise. Its metaphors are those of everyday life. The opening stanza of the poem, which refers to â€Å"my father,† establishes a first-person speaker. It also shows that the speaker is recalling a time when he was a child. The speaker presents us with the atmosphere around which his father worked. For example in lines one and two, â€Å"Sundays too my father got up early/blueblack cold† (1-2). Here the â€Å"Sundays†, and the â€Å"early† signifies the great devotion of speaker’s father. He gets up early even on Sundays,Show MoreRelated`` Those Winter Sundays `` By Robert Hayden1408 Words   |  6 Pagesa postmodern poet, yet Robert Hayden did just that in his poem, â€Å"Those Winter Sundays.† The poet utilizes his own alienation as a tool to reveal an insider’s view on the issues of his time. Robert Hayden was born in a poor suburb outside Detroit on August 4, 1913. His name at birth was Asa Bundy Sheffey. He was raised, however, as Robert Hayden, the name given by his foster parents. Hayden’s foster parents happened to live across the street from where Hayden was born. Hayden did not discover the storyRead MoreAn Analysis Of Those Winter Sundays By Robert Hayden1245 Words   |  5 Pagesthings lead people to misunderstand each other. â€Å"Those Winter Sundays† is a poem written by Robert Hayden in 1962. In the poem, the speaker remembers his past experiences with this father as it describes the typical winter Sundays for the protagonist . The poem illustrates the broken relationship between the speaker and the father, without saying it directly, but instead through the way the poem is formatted. In the poem â€Å"Those Winter Sundays†, Robert Hayden exposes a broken relationship due to understandingRead More`` Those Winter Sundays `` By Robert Hayd en908 Words   |  4 Pagestheir fathers in one way as a child and grow to see them in a whole different light as adults. The richness and complexity of the child and father relationship are the reason many poets write about fatherhood and fathers. The poem â€Å"Those Winter Sundays† by Robert Hayden is an interesting poem. This poem tells of an adult’s perspective of his father. From the poem, it is clear that there is the distance between the child and the father and inadequate communication. However, at the end of the poemRead MoreThose Winter Sundays by Robert Hayden611 Words   |  2 PagesPoets and Their Fathers â€Å"Those Winter Sundays† by Robert Hayden, â€Å"My Father as a Guitar† by Martin Espada, and â€Å"Digging† by Seamus Heaney are three poems that look into the past of the authors and dig up memories of the authors fathers. The poems contain similar conflicts, settings, and themes that are essential in helping the reader understand the heartfelt feelings the authors have for their fathers. With the authors of the three poems all living the gust of their life in the 1900’s, their biographicalRead MoreThose Winter Sundays By Robert Hayden1152 Words   |  5 PagesRobert Hayden’s 1966 poem entitled â€Å"Those Winter Sundays† is a seemingly superficial illustration of a typical Sunday morning in the narrator’s childhood home. The short length of the poem, along with the use of straightforward diction, however, conceals the darker subject matter that the author is trying to convey. The poem describes the narrator’s regret, in hindsight, that he did not recognize or appreciate his father’s love during childhood. Through his strategic use of punctuation, specificRead More Those Winter Sundays by Robert Hayden Essay633 Words   |  3 PagesThose Winter Sundays by Robert Hayden Those winter Sundays written by Robert Hayden is a poem to ponder for a while. The poem may look simple, but analyzing it deeply shows that is a complicated one with a well-defined sentiment of no appreciation and sorrow towards his father. These sentiments will change to the end of the poem. Also, the poem can be understood in various ways: one way could be a positive feeling from the writer towards his father or the otherRead MoreThose Winter Sundays by Robert Hayden Essay713 Words   |  3 PagesThose Winter Sundays by Robert Hayden tells about a child’s indifferent relationship with his father. The poem explains all of the things the father did for his child without being asked or thanked. It then jumps to the child’s point of view and tells what they say as a child as to what they see now as an adult looking back. The child, who is now grown, shows signs of regret as he looks back at how he treated his father, who sounds to have passed away. Finally, in the final lines the speaker realizesRead MoreAnalysis Of Robert Hayden s Those Winter Sundays 937 Words   |  4 Pagesselfless best describes the father in Robert Hayden’s, â€Å"Those Winter Sundays†, as well as mine. Because of this I decided to write my first paper for this class about the relationship between a father and son. Before taking this class I was never able to relate to a poem quite like this one. Especially when it comes to how hard a good parent is willing work to provide for their family. How despite the fact that my Father, much like the father mentioned in Robert Hayden’s poem, did not receive the recognitionRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Those Winter Sundays By Robert Hayden858 Words   |  4 Pageshostility towards a child transformed into abhorrence regarding the parents. In â€Å"Those Winter Sundays,† Robert Hayden displays the unconditional hidden love and ingratitude through a distant, strained father-son relationship by the usage of characterization through imagery. The lyric poem is a remorseful coming of age story of a young adult with a  sudden reminiscence of his childhood relationship with his father.    Hayden decorates the poem with symbolism to portray the hidden love and sentiments possessedRead MoreThose Winter Sundays By Robert Hayden And Magic Of Love957 Words   |  4 Pages People have different perceptions and ways to show love. In the poems â€Å"Those Winter Sundays† by Robert Hayden and â€Å"Magic of Love† by Helen Ferries, the poets describe love in two different ways. These two poems have differences and similarities. Both poems have the same theme which is love; however, they have different uses of imagery and dissimilar tones. The first poem â€Å"Those Winter Sundays† defines the meaning of love and describes the love the son has for his father s; on the other hand, the

The Acceptability Of Digital Evidence - 849 Words

few published papers describing how judges make this decision. There weren t publicly published results of such or similar scientific research in the region (Balkan Country, The South East Europa and wider). Essential for understanding the acceptability of digital evidence is to understand two basic principles which are mentioned within the acceptability of digital evidence in courts. These are Daubert principle and Frye test. Daubert principle, as mentioned, replaced longtime used „Frye testâ€Å", and according to it, science and scientific methods are increasingly introduced as mandatory in expertise and presentation of digital evidence. American Rule 702, as part of the Federal Rules of Evidence, provides guidance on expert qualification and reduces the possibility of bias in expertise. Rule 702 of the American legislation is used as a preventive for possible speculations by experts, and which judge could use. In order to be properly informed and to be able to make decisions on the acceptability of digital evidence in court, and to understand expert witness testimony, the judges and the jury must own certain knowledge about information and communication technologies (ICTs) [1, 2,3]. In most case that knowledge is not based on formal training and education, rather than on personal experience and knowledge which is gained through computer and Internet use [4,5]. In his research Mason [6] presented several complex situations with which the judges encounter and have to copeShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Hypertension On Patients With Hypertension1347 Words   |  6 Pagesgarlic as an intervention in patients with hypertension. Ried et al (2010) conducted a double blind parallel-randomized placebo-controlled design, quantitative study. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect, tolerability and acceptability of aged garlic extract as an additional treatment to already antihypertensive medication in patients with treated, but uncontrolled hypertension (Ried et al, 2010). The researchers used specific criteria to select their participants. Some criteriaRead MoreImproving The Medication Adherence On Health Behaviors Across Races1503 Words   |  7 Pagesincluded all diabetes patients who were prescribed statins and who refilled prescriptions with Kaiser Permanente Northern California (diverse patient population) [4]. Statins were used as a medication class on which the refill function was studied. The evidence was in the form of percentage of time without statins. The data were interpreted using statistical tools for analysis and interpretation. It was observed through the analysis that 12.9% was the average percentage of time without the supply of statinsRead MoreSocial Media And Its Impact On The Current Population1019 Words   |  5 Pagesallows the creation and exchange of user-generated content.†(1) Social Media is a web-based product that is optimized solely by the use of its public. The only way social media can expand depends exclusively on the user and their wants. The new digital age has brought about extraordinary developments in technology that has altered the way many people access and use information. The consistent technological developments that help connect the world can be seen as either beneficial or detrimental toRead MoreDisadvantages Of Technology1714 Words   |  7 Pagesexpend on their digital devices surpasses the amount of sleep they receive in a days’ time. Within today’s society technology reigns over every aspect of life. However, one element has eluded this sovereignty all the while remaining prevalent in our world still exists. This entity that has survived is simply called school. Although the current education system has remained constant for millennia, it is time for the past to interchange into the future. The upbringing of the digital age has arrivedRead MoreThe Impact Of Electronic Patient On Patient Care : A Systematic Review Of Controlled Trials1646 Words   |  7 Pagesas systemic review has alrea dy been conducted, paper on telemonitoring systems were also not included where the focus was only to provide information to patients. A literature search was conducted on PubMed, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, EMBASE, ACM Digital Library and UMIT’s own Evaluation Database for relevant studies [2]. The search for the research paper was done by feeding query. The query search was ‘medical record system’ and ‘patient portal’. The duplicates were then removed. The authors wereRead MoreCurrency Money For Digital Currency And Advantages Of Different Forms Of Money2880 Words   |  12 Pages From commodity money to digital currency advantages and disadvantages of different forms of money 1. Introduction Throughout the history we can see different standards of values and structures of using money, for example commodities (gold, silver, cooper, salt), paper money, credit card, mobile phone banking services via SMS, Euro currency in 23 countries, Bitcoin or most latest Facebook Credits. There was an interesting and very accurate assumption made by J. Surowiecki (2012), he wrote thatRead MoreHow Microvascular Reconstructive Surgery Is An Effective Way For The Medical Team Essay2429 Words   |  10 Pagesadjunct method of free flap monitoring comparted to traditional methods. This proposal will discuss the relevance of using digital photographs and internet technology as a means to improve response times between the nurse and the primary plastic surgeon that increase salvage rates of ischemic flaps. Conclusive findings from two studies involving 200 free flaps indicate that digital photographs and smart phone communication resulted timely intervention by the plastic that contributed to the success ofRead MoreEssay Describing and Discussing the Processes and Challenges Involved in Identifying, Recovering, Securing, Examining, Analysing and Preparing Digital Evidence from a Crime Scene4924 Words   |  20 PagesTable of Contents Section1: Introduction 2 Section 2: Describe digital evidence 2 Section 3: Explain the key principles of cyber forensics 5 Standardization 5 Evidence integrity and reliability 5 Section 4: Discuss investigation processes 6 Preserve evidence 6 Locate evidence 6 Select evidence 7 Analyze evidence 7 Validate evidence 7 Present evidence 7 Section 5: Discuss and the importance of crime reconstruction hypotheses and alternative 7 Section 6: Conclusion 8 Reference 8 ResearchRead MoreAfrican Immigrant s Beliefs And Lifestyle Behaviors That May Impact Health2272 Words   |  10 PagesAfrican immigrant’s beliefs and lifestyle behaviors that may impact health. According to the researchers, there is need to find out how health providers can help to promote healthy eating and physical activity. Researchers indicated that Limited evidence shows that African immigrants tend to be healthier than US-born white and African Americans. Immigrants may face barriers in maintaining healthy native diets or acquiring healthy physical activity habits in their new countries. The researcher indicatesRead MoreThe Impact Of Internet On Its Day Today Happenings2313 Words   |  10 Pagesof human life. Out of all, banking operations have greater impact of ICT on its day-today happenings. An e-cash payment system is one of the evidence of impact of internet and information Communication technology jargons. In this process a consumer/client opens an account with the banking organization or other which could give and receive money in the digital coins form. In the case client s account is deposited in the form of real money, as it is attached to the client s checking account in reality

Anthony Kiedis and the Red Hot Chili Peppers Free Essays

The energetic singer of the alternative rock group, The Red Hot Chili Peppers, Anthony Kiedis was born on Nov. 1, 1962, in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Kiedis’ godfather was Sonny Bono, of Sonny Cher fame. We will write a custom essay sample on Anthony Kiedis and the Red Hot Chili Peppers or any similar topic only for you Order Now His parents split when Anthony was three. After getting into trouble at school, he moved to California to be with his dad. His father made most of his money selling drugs, CONTENTS †¢Synopsis †¢Aspiring Musician †¢The Red Hot Chili Peppers †¢Mainstream Success †¢Personal Life but also dabbled in acting. It was during these years that young Kiedis was exposed and influenced by the world of art, sex, music, and drugs. Singer, actor, writer. Born on November 1, 1962, in Grand Rapids, Michigan. As the lead singer of the Red Hot Chili Peppers, Anthony Kiedis has become one of best-known figures in alternative rock. His parents split up when he was very young. He lived with his mother, Peggy, in Michigan and visited his father, John, in California. While with his father, Kiedis was exposed to the Los Angeles club scene where he got a chance to see such rock acts as the Eagles, Neil Young, Deep Purple, and Rod Stewart. Developing an aversion to authority at an early age, Kiedis acted out in school. He eventually convinced his mother to agree to let him live with his father in California. In his early teens, Kiedis moved in with his father and soon began experimenting with drugs. He started smoking marijuana and later tried heroin, cocaine, and Quaaludes. His father earned much of his money from dealing marijuana and other illegal substances, according to Scar Tissue, Kiedis’s official autobiography. By the mid-1970s, John Kiedis decided to try to make as an actor, taking classes and the stage name Blackie Dammet. Anthony also started acting, using his own stage name Cole Dammet. He landed a few commercials and small parts. Aspiring Musician At Fairfax High School, Kiedis met and made friends with Michael Balzary—better known later as Flea—and Hillel Slovak. Slovak had a band known as Anthym and Balzary eventually joined it as the bass player. Kiedis acted as the MC for some of their gigs. They were also interested in the emerging punk scene and caught shows by such acts as Black Flag. Kiedis moved out of his father’s place to live with a friend during the latter part of high school. Despite living in the midst of a party scene, he was able to keep up his grades. Kiedis did well enough to get accepted to UCLA. College, however, did not hold his interest for long. In 1982, Kiedis found inspiration for his vocal styling from the hit song, â€Å"The Message,† from Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five. He started a band with friends Slovak and Flea—although they were already in different bands—with Jack Irons on drums the following year. The group that would become known as the Red Hot Chili Peppers became a popular fixture on the L. A. club scene. The group quickly went through a line-up change when Slovak and Irons left when their other band What Is This landed a record deal. Kiedis and Flea pressed on with their innovative funk-punk sound, bringing in guitarist Jack Sherman and drummer Cliff Martinez. The group eventually became known as the Red Hot Chili Peppers. The Red Hot Chili Peppers Their 1984 self-titled debut didn’t sell, but the group started to attract a following with their energetic live shows. Often over-the-top rebels, the Red Hot Chili Peppers even performed a few times while only wearing strategically placed tube socks. For their second effort, Freaky Styley, the group enlisted the help of funk superstarGeorge Clinton to serve as their producer. The album also marked the return of Slovak and Irons to the band. Kiedis’s off-stage activities were starting to take over his life. He was using heroin and cocaine heavily, so much so that his bandmates kicked him out of the group for a while. Returning to Michigan for a time, Kiedis went through detox. He returned to Los Angeles and the band, but did not stay clean for long. The Red Hot Chili Peppers released their third album, The Uplift Mofo Party Plan, in 1987. The album even made it onto theBillboard 200 album charts. The following year, Kiedis experienced a great personal loss. Longtime friend and bandmate Slovak died of a heroin overdose on June 25, 1988. After this tragedy, Irons decided to leave the band and Kiedis eventually went to a rehabilitation center. Trying to regroup, Kiedis and Flea added guitarist Blackbyrd McKnight and drummer D. H. Peligro to the group, but this line up didn’t work out. They then brought in guitarist John Frusciante and drummer Chad Smith and recorded Mother’s Milk. They began attracting more fans and more media attention. MTV aired videos for two tracks—â€Å"Knock Me Down† and their cover of Steve Wonder’s hit â€Å"Higher Ground. In 1989, Kiedis found himself in legal trouble for a post-concert incident. He was accused of sexual battery and indecent exposure after a concert in Virginia at George MasonUniversity that April, according to a report in The New York Times. He later paid a fine. CONTENTS †¢Synopsis †¢Aspiring Musician †¢The Red Hot Chili Peppers †¢Mainstrea m Success †¢Personal Life Mainstream Success Working with producer Rick Rubin, the Red Hot Chili Peppers experienced a major career breakthrough with their next album BloodSugarSexMagik in 1991. The album sold more than 4 million copies, spurred on in part by such hits as â€Å"Under the Bridge,† â€Å"Give It Away,† and â€Å"Suck My Kiss. † Frusciante ended up leaving the group before it joined the alternative music tour Lollapalooza in 1992. After a few false starts, the Red Hot Chili Peppers eventually replaced Frusciante with guitarist Dave Navarro, once with Jane’s Addiction. This latest line up recorded 1995’s One Hot Minute, which went platinum. â€Å"Aeroplane† and â€Å"My Friends† were two of the biggest hits from the album. In July 1997, Kiedis was involved in a motorcycle accident in Los Angeles. He broke his wrist and forearm when he was hit by a car while riding his motorcycle. The following year, Kiedis sued the driver for damages. By the time the Red Hot Chili Peppers released their 1999 hit recordCalifornication, Frusciante was back in the band, replacing Navarro who left to pursue solo projects. â€Å"Around the World,† â€Å"Scar Tissue,† and the title track all did well on the rock charts. 2002’s By the Way was also a strong seller, making it to the number two spot on the Billboard 200. Personal Life Kiedis borrowed the title from their hit â€Å"Scar Tissue† for his candid 2004 autobiography, in which he described his extensive drug use and relationships with such women as actress Ione Skye and director Sofia Coppola. He also disclosed that he had battled hepatitis C. â€Å"As a person and a musician, I feel like I’m just getting started. . . . I kind of look at this as the halftime report,† Kiedis said to Peoplemagazine during an interview about his book. For the first time in 2006, the Red Hot Chili Peppers reached the top of the Billboard 200 album charts with Stadium Arcadium. Kiedis soon experienced another first—he became a father. He and then girlfriend Heather Christie welcomed son Everly Bear in October 2007. The couple split up in 2008. That same year, Kiedis told Rolling Stone that the Red Hot Chili Peppers was â€Å"disbanded for the moment. † The band had tour extensively to support their latest album, and everyone wanted to take a break for a time. In addition to relaxing, Kiedis recently served as festival curator for the New American Music Festival, which was held in August 2008. How to cite Anthony Kiedis and the Red Hot Chili Peppers, Essay examples

Lateral Violence Essay Example

Lateral Violence Essay The Negative Effects of â€Å"Nurses Eating their Young† and how to stop them Kenton David Peacock, RN Chipola College BSN Program Jonna Bradley, ARNP, Instructor The Nursing profession is not one that one would expect to be riddled with acts of violence among colleagues. A common saying among new nurses relating to more seasoned nurses is that â€Å"Nurses eat their young†. Two of the reasons that were cited as factors in lateral violence, according to a journal article in Virginia Nurses Today, are low self-esteem and lack of respect for others (Brothers, Condon, Cross, Ganske, amp; Lewis, 2011). These traits are not traits that one would expect to be a major player in the personality of such a caring profession. The presence of lateral violence (LV) in the workplace has a negative effect on healthcare delivery. Oddly, the introduction that a potential nurse will have to LV in the workplace can actually begin within the Nursing school setting. There are those that question whether that the origin of LV is within the educational institutions that train nurses and their faculty (Beasley, 2010). Faculty incivility, in which incivility is a term that was coined for lateral violence, creates a destructive culture that denies students the opportunity to learn, grow, and develop in a profession that is known for its compassion (Beasley, 2010). Lateral violence can be significantly reduced or eliminated when the behavior is recognized, acknowledged, and appropriately and consistently addressed at both the individual and organizational level (Harley, n. d. ). We will write a custom essay sample on Lateral Violence specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lateral Violence specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lateral Violence specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The implementation of training regarding the incidence of LV and its’ consequences is a means to improve the nursing work environment, patient care outcomes, and nurse retention – elements negatively affected by LV in the workplace (Embree amp; White, 2010). There are many negative results from LV related to the nursing work environment. The direct result is the level of stress that those that are involved, especially on the receiving end of LV, are plagued with within the workplace. This directly results in an increased use of sick leave once the physical symptoms of the increased stress have their toll on the nurse’s body. Harter amp; Moody, 2010) Nursing retention is also a big problem, considering it is estimated that 60 percent of nurses leave their first position as a nurse due to some form of lateral violence (Harter amp; Moody, 2010). The average turnover rate is 8. 4 percent but increases to 27. 1 percent when it comes to first-year nurses. When nurses l eave, then the nurses that remain have a harder work-load and the end measure is a decrease in the care of the patient. The point of a nursing environment is the care of the patient and LV directly can affect this aspect of nursing. In a study to develop preventive intervention strategies, it was found that many new graduates experienced LV across all clinical settings. The results of the study of, with a response rate of 47 percent and 551 completed questionnaires, showed a increased rate of absenteeism, a high number of nurses considering leaving the field, and scores on the Impact of Event Scale (a psychological tool to evaluate impact of events in ones’ life or level of distress) indicated a serious impact of interpersonal conflict. As a result of the experience LV, several nurses mentioned that the events were detrimental to their confidence level and the self esteem (Mckenna, Smith, Poole, amp; Coverdale, 2003). It is of best practice to refrain from ignoring the behaviors that accompany those that respond to the work environment by acts of LV. Many nursing environments do not have on job educational opportunity regarding LV in the workplace and it often goes ignored by the upper-echelon of administration within an institution. Employers and Nurse Leaders should ensure that supportive services are available. Primary prevention begins with education and training of staff. According to the findings from this study, the importance of developing programs which effectively reduce horizontal or LV and lessen the psychological sequelae of these events was recognized (Mckenna, Smith, Poole, amp; Coverdale, 2003). Encouraging positive working relations among healthcare providers requires effective conflict management as part of a healthy working environment (Yoder-Wise, 2011). The role of the nurse leader is to create an environment that fosters open communication and collaborative practices for achieving mutual goals that enable nurses to practice constructive approaches to conflict management (Yoder-Wise, 2011). Through the use of LV, there are no conflict resolution measures enacted and individuals are ignoring the possibility of attempting resolution through the methods that are involved with lateral violence. Examples of lateral violence include: non-verbal innuendo, verbal confrontation, undermining ctivities, withholding information, sabotage, infighting, scapegoating, backstabbing, failure to respect privacy, and breaches of confidentiality (Yoder-Wise, 2011). Bullying is closely related to LV but a real or perceived power imbalance has to exist. New nurses may question the caring environment and aspect of the job when they are first introduced to LV in the workplace. In a study by Spartanburg Regional Healthcare system (SRHS), the addition of educ ation regarding LV saw a great response from nursing leaders and educational sessions became a regular occurrence (Stroud, 2010). It was discovered that by raising employees’ awareness of the issues and behaviors of LV, SRHS has seen a significant culture change within the organization. The culture change has not only decreased the negative effects of LV on retention, but it has empowered nurses as well as allied personnel to bring about significant change in their working relationships and their overall working environment (Stroud, 2010). Negative patient care outcomes have been shown to be linked to the incidence of lateral violence in the workplace setting. The effects of this type of violence within the healthcare setting not only affects the individual staff or team that is involved but also the effects are seen in the outcomes of the whole health care team due to the widening rift between employees, but ultimately the patient faces the repercussions (Becher amp; Visovsky, 2012). The Joint Commission indicated that the lack of communication that is associated with LV is a main factor in sentinel events affecting health care teams and compromising patient safety (Becher amp; Visovsky, 2012). Often, essential information can be omitted as a result of LV and the victimized nurse is found in a poor position to provide care for the patient and patient safety is compromised (Becher amp; Visovsky, 2012). Patient care can also be decreased by another form of hostility in the workplace known as vertical violence which is when a person in a position of authority over another uses negative behaviors towards staff. Those that find themselves in intimidating situations may sometimes choose to forego their role as patient advocate to avoid these intimidating situations (Center for American Nurses, 2008). It stands to reason that nurses that are perpetuating, participating in, or dealing with the effects of negativity† are less likely to respond fully and attentively to the needs of their patients (Weinand, 2007). Another researcher states that â€Å"some studies have even suggested that disruption among hospital coworkers can adversely affect clinical outcomes† (Weinand, 2007). The Joint Commission reports that up to 60 percent of actual or potential harm to patients can be linked to insufficient communication in healthcare organizations (Purpora amp; Blegen, 2012). It is hypothesized that with a breakdown in communication between nurses there is also a breakdown of quality and safety of patient care (Purpora amp; Blegen, 2012). One of the greatest aspects of the continuing incidence of lateral violence is the retention rate of nurses, as well as the financial consequences and future of the nursing field related to nurses leaving the field due to LV. Nursing is already a highly stressful field in ensuring that everything is done that can be done during a shift to take care of a patient. Patient loads are heavy and the degree of illnesses that nurses are tasked to deal with on a daily basis are enough to cause â€Å"burn out†. With the added weight of Nurses not getting along with each other many will eventually decide that the field is not right for them or the current place that they are employed is not right and will leave to search for greener pastures. LV has been linked to leaving employment (Ward-Smith, 2011). The use of LV in the work setting has some major consequences which include low employee morale and high employee turnover rates, according to Weinand (Weinand, 2007). One out of every three employees will leave the workplace due to LV (Weinand, 2007). There are many consequences of LV in the workplace, to include: sleeplessness, lowered confidence, anger, and they can lead to suicidal behaviors as well (Weinand, 2007). In one study related to the effects of LV and nurses leaving the workforce or their place of employments states that 41 percent of the respondents thought that the problem with conflict was â€Å"too invasive† in the organization with Nurses leaving the profession which resulted in a nursing shortage due to voluntary attrition rather than the lack of personnel (Weinand, 2007). The result of losing a nurse due to LV can be very detrimental to the finances of an institution due to the fact that it is estimated that training a nurse to replace a nurse that is leaving can approach or exceed 145,000 dollars for specialty areas. It is also estimated that LV can result in 30,000 – 100,000 dollars per year for each individual as a result of work absenteeism, treatment for depression and anxiety, decreased work performance, and increased turnover (Becher amp; Visovsky, 2012). The cost of a medical surgical nurse can approach 92,000 dollars to recruit, hire, and orient (Harter amp; Moody, 2010). The United States will soon face a nursing shortage that far outweighs the shortages of the past. With the increased amount of baby-boomers that will be entering the age that more hospitalizations and healthcare will be prevalent, there will be an increase in the need for the more experienced nurses to stay in the workforce and for the revolving door of the new graduates to slow down. The costs that further increase the effects of LV in the workplace are the increase in medication errors and the lawsuits that result from them (Harter amp; Moody, 2010). Nurses should embrace their peers and â€Å"show them the ropes†, helping each other to learn to be better nurses rather than belittling them for what they don’t know. In order to do away with the cannibalistic phrase related to seasoned nurses consuming the new nurses, a system will need to be embraced universally throughout the healthcare system. The Joint Commission has already created an adoptable outline to ensure that there are educational intentions regarding LV and maneuvers to evade continuing LV related practice. There are studies and literature that explain that the best way to rid the work setting of LV is to educate the staff and to create or adapt a â€Å"no tolerance† policy regarding LV. It is a necessary component of Nursing, as defined by the American Nurses Association Code of Ethics, to refrain from treating people in a way that denies them dignity. According to the Code of Ethics, â€Å"Individuals who become nurses are expected not only to adhere to the ideals and moral norms of the profession but also to embrace them as part of what it means to be a Nurse†. â€Å"The Code of Ethics for Nurses †¦ is the profession’s nonnegotiable ethical standard† (Dulaney, 2010). First and foremost a policy should be created or adopted which outlaws all forms of LV. People should be made aware of the policy and become familiar with it and it should be encouraged for Nurses to report incidents of LV. All staff members should be trained on how to deal with a situation that consists of inappropriate behaviors including recognizing them and how to report them. There should be an interdisciplinary group defined to deal with these situations and define violations as well as to deal with them appropriately. Dealing with LV in the workplace can increase nursing retention and serves to protect the reason why nurses exist which is to care for the patient and to do so safely. Reference Beasley, S. (2010). Nurse Educators:. The South Carolina Nurse, 4. Becher, J. amp; Visovsky, C. (2012). Horizontal Violence in Nursing. MEDSURG Nursing, 210-213, 232. Brothers, D. , Condon, E. , Cross, B. A. , Ganske, K. M. , amp; Lewis, E. (2011). Taming the Beast of Lateral Violence Among Nurses. Virginia Nurses Today, 7. Center for American Nurses. (2008, February). Lateral Violence and Bullying in the workplace. Center for American Nurse: Lateral Violence and Bullying in the workplace: Position Statement. Dulaney, P. (2010). Ethical and Legal Resources that relate to Lateral Violence. South Carolina Nurse, 5. Embree, J. L. , amp; White, A. H. (2010). Concept Analysis: Nurse-to-Nurse. Nursing Forum: An independent voice for nursing, 166-173. Harley. (n. d. ). Lateral Violence Background. Retrieved from Upstate AHEC: http://upstateahec. org/lateral-violence-programs/lateral-violence/ Harter, N. , amp; Moody, C. (2010). The Cost of Lateral. The South Carolina Nurse, 4. Mck enna, B. G. , Smith, N. A. , Poole, S. J. , amp; Coverdale, J. H. (2003). Horizontal violence: experiences of Registered Nurses in their first year of practice. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 90-96. Purpora, C. , amp; Blegen, M. A. (2012). Horizontal Violence and the Quality and Safety of Patient Care: A Conceptual Model. Nursing Research and Practice, 5. Stroud, S. H. (2010). Lateral Violence: Creating an Organizational Culture Change to Improve Retention. The South Carolina Nurse, 10. Ward-Smith, P. (2011). Lets Leave Bullying on the Playground! Urological Nursing, 257, 263. Weinand, M. R. (2007). Horizontal Violence in Nursing: History, Impact, and Solution. The Journal of Chi Eta Phi Sorority, 23-26. Yoder-Wise, P. S. (2011). Leading and Managing in Nursing. St. Louis: Elsevier.

Essay on Line poems essays

Essay on Line poems essays A senator and his family are killed by a two engine monster Ten a.m. in a storm filled sky, freezing rain falling in sheets The airport so close seems so far away Veering off course, ground rushing upward Colliding with the pine tree sentinels of a desolate swamp Grievance is extreme, friends and foes alike Cold church in the rain, thousands stand to pay their respects To honor the patriots who fought for our freedom With the help of the French we fought the British Eight years of fighting for one united cause At last we move to the last stronghold We go to beat the British at Yorktown Superior strategy decides the victor We surrounded the 8,000 left of the British Cornwallis surrendered after watching his men die Fear is the quiet, dark man sitting in the back of the bus. He is that black shadow lurking around every corner. He waits for unsuspecting victims, and leaps into their minds. Fear is not tangible, nor will he ever be. He has to be fought from the inside. And if you are determined to fight he will leave. For he is terrified of the fire that lives deep inside of each of us. We all know that shadows are vanquished by fire. He is always around when tragedy occurs. He tries to break us down by forcing painful memories of tragedy upon us. This when he partners up with sadness, and they work together to hurt anything and everything they can. He is the one thing at the back of our mind that terrifies us. He gives you that terror when you are most vulnerable, trying to hurt even more. With that terror he leaves a part of himself, this is ...

7 Reasons Why Teaching is Challenging and Hard

7 Reasons Why Teaching is Challenging and Hard Teaching is one of the most rewarding professions in that it gives you an opportunity to make an impact on a future generation.  It is also extremely difficult and draining- no one with actual teaching experience would tell you otherwise. Being a teacher takes patience, dedication, passion, and the ability to do more with less. It is a treacherous journey often filled with just as many valleys as there are mountains.  Those committed to the profession do so simply because they want to be difference makers.  The following seven factors are some broader issues that make teaching challenging and hard. Disruptive Environment Disruptions occur in many external and internal forms.  Students and teachers have lives outside the walls of the school. Situations commonly occur that serve as a distraction.  These external obstacles are often difficult and sometimes nearly impossible to ignore and overcome.  Internally, issues such as student discipline problems, student assemblies, extra-curricular activities, and even announcements interrupt the flow of the school day.   These are only some of the many issues that serve as a disruption for teachers and students. The fact is that any disruption will take away valuable instructional time and negatively impact student learning in some form.  Teachers must be adept at handling disruptions quickly and getting their students back on task as soon as possible. Expectations In Flux The rules of teaching are constantly changing.  In some aspects, this is good while occasionally it may also be bad.  Teaching is not immune to fads.  The next great thing will be introduced tomorrow and obsolete by weeks’ end.  It is an ever revolving door for teachers.  When things are always changing, you leave very little room for any stability. This lack of stability creates nervousness, uncertainty, and an assurance that our students are being cheated in some aspect of their education.  Education requires stability to maximize effectiveness. Our teachers and our students would benefit from it greatly.  Sadly, we live in a time of flux. Teachers must find a way to bring some stability to the classroom to give their students an opportunity to be successful. Finding Balance There is a perception that teachers only work from 8-3 each day.  This is the time they actually spend with their students. Any teacher will tell you that this only represents a portion of what is required of them.  Teachers often arrive early and stay late. They must grade and record papers, collaborate with other teachers, plan and prepare for the next day’s activities or lessons, attend faculty or committee meetings, clean and organize their classrooms, and communicate with family members. Many teachers continue to work on these things even after they go home.  It can be difficult to find a balance between their personal life and their professional life. Great teachers invest a tremendous amount of time outside of the time spent with their students. They understand that all these things have a significant impact on student learning. However, teachers must commit to stepping away from their teaching responsibilities from time to time so that their personal life does not suffer in some aspect. Individuality of Students Every student is different. They have their own unique personalities, interests, abilities, and needs. Gauging these differences can be extremely difficult.  In the past, teachers have taught to the middle of their class. This practice did a disservice to those students with higher and lower abilities.  Most teachers now find a way to differentiate and accommodate every student according to their own individual needs. Doing so benefits the students, but it comes at a price for the teacher.  It is a difficult and time-consuming task.  Teachers must be adept at utilizing data and observations, finding the appropriate resources, and meeting every student where they are. Lack of Resources School funding impacts students learning in several areas. Underfunded schools have overcrowded classrooms and outdated technology and textbooks.  They are understaffed with many administrators and teachers taking on dual roles to save money.  Programs that may benefit students, but are not required are the first to be cut.  Students lose out on opportunities when schools are underfunded. Teachers must become adept at doing more with less. Most teachers unselfishly spend hundreds of dollars out of their own pockets to purchase supplies and materials for their classrooms.  A teacher’s effectiveness cannot help but be limited when they are not afforded the necessary resources to do their job effectively. Time Is Limited A teacher’s time is precious.  As alluded to above, there is a difference between the time we spend with the students and the time we spend preparing for our students. Neither is sufficient.  Teachers must maximize the time they have with their students.  Every minute with them should matter.  One of the hardest aspects of teaching is that you only have them for a short period of time to prepare them for the next level.  You do the best you can when you have them, but in the scope of things, you have only a small amount to give them what they need.  No teacher feels like they ever have enough time to accomplish everything that they needed or wanted to. Varying Levels of Parental Involvement Parental involvement is one of the greatest indicators of academic success for students. Those students whose parents teach their children from an early age that learning is valuable and stay involved throughout school give their children a greater opportunity to be successful.  Most parents want what is best for their children, but they may not know how to be involved with their child’s education. This is another obstacle that teachers must hurdle.  Teachers must take an active role in giving parents the opportunity to be involved. They must be direct with parents and engage them in discussions about the role they play in their child’s education.  Furthermore, they must give them the opportunity to be involved on a regular basis.

Table for OneOn Eating Alone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Table for OneOn Eating Alone - Essay Example The Americans apparently got bored of the practice of eating alone and they devised a plan that required everyone to pay their own bill whereas, the group can have a meal together and in this way, the requirement of socialization is fulfilled without overburdening anyone. The practice of joint meals with disjointed payments got popular in all parts of the world because it allows individuals to enjoy the socialization. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, humans have profound and notable urge to socialize (Kingkade, 1). The modern psychology is of the view that people need to cool off in a friendly setting (Trobst, 51). The professionals remain under quite a bit of pressure and they require sharing their problems with others and the ideal place to do that is an eating table. In quite a few cases, the dining table is a place where each one of the family member can share his or her entire day’s story. In the light of presented argument, the dining table can be taken as a place where participants can share their problems and express their emotions in a friendly environment. The practice of eating together offers the opportunity to discuss great ideas and plans as it offers humans the chance to relax. The creativity comes to a relaxed mind and therefore, many great ideas had been famous for being put together on a dining table. Secondly, the featured events offer the people to exercise out of the box thinking. The routinely office environment locks one’s mind and therefore, he or she becomes slave to the already known and established ways of doing things. The great Steve Jobs made his friend Steve Wozniak to work on difficult engineering projects by offering him something to eat. The quoted instance is the evidence of dietary bribery’s effectiveness in terms of stimulating human creativity. Conclusively, it can be argued that eating together gives people an opportunity to socialize with each other. The dining table can be a perfect avenue

Legal opinion for formation of a public company Coursework

Legal opinion for formation of a public company - Coursework Example Before the company starts its business, it must have allotted shares whose minimum value should be at least 50, 000 pounds. A quarter of the shares should be paid up; this amounts to ?12, 500. For each of the allotted shares, up to the last quarter of its nominal value has to be paid up as well as any premium (Companies House, 2012). The other procedure in the formation of a public company includes the choosing of directors of the company. Several requirements have to be followed when choosing the company directors. One of the requirements is that the person should not be disqualified by law from becoming a director or be bankrupt. The maximum age of directors that was previously seventy years has been removed. During the formation of the company, the minimum age required for company directors is sixteen years. The directors of the company should then select few names (four) that are suitable enough and indicate the company’s objective (Companies House, 2012). One of the four names selected will become the main name while the three others have to be mentioned in their order of preference. The directors should then make an application to the registrar of companies to ascertain whether the selected names are appropriate. Once the names go through, the next step includes the drafting of the memorandum of associations and articles of association. The authorized share capital of the proposed public company should then be declared and be in line with the minimum paid up capital required in forming a public company. The next step involves filing a declaration and attaching the statement in lieu of the prospectus. Once the company is through with these steps, it will obtain a certificate that will enable it to commence business. Shares will be floated through an initial public offering, which states the price per share and the minimum and maximum number of shares that can be held by shareholders (Companies House, 2012). How the courts distinguish between contrac ts of service and contracts for services and the importance of this distinction. The law distinguishes between a contract of service and a contract for services. A contract of service refers to an agreement, which may either be verbal or written, implied or expressed. In this contract, a person makes an agreement employ another person as an employee while the employed person makes an agreement to serve the employer. An example of a contract of service includes an apprenticeship agreement or contract. On the other hand, contracts for services refer to independent contractors and sub-contractors. In differentiating between a contract of service and contracts for services, courts apply such tests as integration and control (Barendrecht 2007, p. 151). The test of integration looks at the extent to which the work of the employee may be said to be integrated into business. The control test explores the question on whether the employer can tell the employee what they ought to do. Other tes ts applied by the courts in the distinction between contracts of services and contracts for services include mixed or multiple tests. These tests question whether the agreement or engagement has wages, holiday pay, and sick pay. The courts state that these tests ask whether PAYE and PRSI are deducted. According to the courts, these multiple and mixed tests should also look at whether

The role of icts in addressing challenges in higher education

The role of icts in addressing challenges in higher education ABSTRACT One of the most common problems of using Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in education is to base choices on technological possibilities rather than educational needs. In developing countries where higher education is fraught with serious challenges at multiple levels, there is increasing pressure to ensure that technological possibilities are viewed in the context of educational needs. This paper argues that a central role of educational technology is to provide additional strategies that can be used to address the serious environmental and educational challenges faced by educators and students in higher education. The educational needs manifest in Indian universities include addressing general lack of academic preparedness, multilingual needs in English medium settings, large class sizes and inadequate curriculum design. Using case studies from one higher educational institution, this paper shows how specific and carefully considered interventions using ICTs can be used to address these teaching and learning concerns. These examples serve to demonstrate some ways in which teaching and learning may be enhanced when uses of educational technology are driven by educational needs. The paper concludes that design of educational technology interventions should be driven by educational needs within the context of a broader teaching and learning strategy which requires buy-in of both educators and learners. INTRODUCTION It has been suggested that information and communication technologies (ICTs) can and do play a number of roles in education. These include providing a catalyst for rethinking teaching practice (Flecknoe, 2002; McCormick Scrimshaw, 2001); developing the kind of graduates and citizens required in an information society (Department of Education, 2001); improving educational outcomes (especially pass rates) and enhancing and improving the quality of teaching and learning (Wagner, 2001; Garrison Anderson, 2003). While all of these suggest the potential impact of ICTs in education in general and India in particular, it is still difficult to demonstrate the potential of technologies in addressing specific teaching and learning problems faced by Indian higher education institutions. The thesis of this paper is that the potential of ICTs is sandwiched between increasing pressure on higher education institutions from government to meet the social transformation and skills needs of India, and the varying student academic preparedness, large class sizes and multilingualism currently experienced in these teaching and learning contexts. Our thinking aligns with others (such as Kirkup Kirkwood, 2005; Wagner, 2001) who argue that it is the contextualized teaching and learning needs that ought to drive the ICT intervention, rather than the technology itself. In India, contextualization of teaching and learning requires a tightrope walk between higher education imperatives and social-cultural context of the educational landscape. This paper illustrates by means of examples drawn from one higher education institution how educational needs can drive design of learning environments and technological use. The question driving this paper is: How may educational technology interventions address theteaching and learning challenges faced by Indian higher education institutions? We discuss the general and specific educational challenges. These challenges then provide a context for an ICT intervention framework which is described and examples of the use of this framework in curriculum projects are discussed. CHALLENGES FACING HIGHER EDUCATION IN INDIA General challenges Currently, higher education in India is under increasing pressure to meet the social transformation and skills needs of the new India (Kistan, 2002). At the same time it is under immense external and internal pressure to improve on its policy and delivery performance (De Clercq, 2002). One of the indicators of social transformation in education is increasing the demographic representation among graduates and reducing the demographic difference between student intake and graduate throughput. The National Higher Education Plan (2001) outlines the role of higher education institutions in the new India: The key challenges facing the Indian higher education system remain as outlined inthe White Paper: ‘to redress past inequalities and to transform the higher education systemto serve a new social order, to meet pressing national needs, and to respond to newrealities and opportunities (White Paper: 1.1). (Department of Education India,2001.) Furthermore, recent government policy has added pressure on higher education institutions by linking funding to throughput. In other words, unlike in the past when institutions were funded on the number of registered first year students, funding is now linked to graduate throughput. Improving efficiency and addressing the equity needs of the country raises conflicting challenges for higher education institutions (Scott, 2004: 1). These challenges are exacerbated by the fact that most students enter university under-prepared and therefore require more support to bridge the gaps in the required knowledge and skills (Paras, 2001). Furthermore, in 2005 quality assurance audits1 focusing on the institutional management of core functions of teaching and learning, research and community engagement were conducted at Indian higher education institutions. The challenge for higher education institutions is therefore not only about increasing throughput in terms of numbers and the diversity of i ts student population but also involves ensuring quality educational provision. The Indian government has identified the use of ICTs for teaching and learning as an important priority. For example, the e-Education policy states: Every Indian manager, teacher and learner in the general and further education andtraining bands will be ICT capable (that is, use ICTs confidently and creatively to helpdevelop the skills and knowledge they need as lifelong learners to achieve personal goalsand to be full participants in the global community) by 2013. (Department of EducationIndia, 2004: 17) Thus, the ultimate goal of the policy is the realization of ICT-capable managers, educators and learners by 2013. Read together with the National Higher Education Plan, these two policies have ramifications for instructional designers, educators, students and researchers. The underlying argument of this paper is that the realization of the policys goals largely depends on the extent to which current educational challenges are re-conceptualised in the context of the role that ICT can play in teaching and learning. The current focus on teaching and learning coupled with growth in educational technology in Indian higher education institutions (Czerniewicz et al., 2005: The role of ICTs in higher education in India61) requires that we begin to ask questions about the ways in which educational technology contributes to addressing the educational challenges in the new India. As is the case in higher education globally, Indian higher education is under pressure to increase participation fro m diverse groups of students and to produce the skills required for a rapidly changing society. In the UK, for example, participation in higher education has increased since the 1940s but participation of higher socio-economic groups still exceeds that of lower socio-economic groups (DFES report, 2004). While similar, these challenges take particular forms given Indias unique history. For example, global disparities are defined in terms of class; in India the educational disparities are manifested along racial lines due to the political, economic and social policies of the pre-1994 era. Redress of marginalised groups and social transformation is therefore central to the policies of post-1994. The Indian government has made it clear that one of its aims is to achieve equitable access to higher education for previously disadvantaged learners, with diverse educational backgrounds (Hardman Ngambi, 2003). Education is viewed as one of the key mechanisms of achieving social transformation. It is in this educational context that new opportunities for educational technology have arisen. Although we are aware that educational challenges demand multi-pronged approaches, which may include both traditional teaching approaches and innovative non- digital instructional designs, it is the role of educational technology that is the focus of this paper. Specific teaching and learning challenges The major teaching and learning challenges facing higher education revolve around student diversity, which includes, amongst others, diversity in students academic preparedness, language and schooling background. Teaching and learning in higher education in general can largely be characterised as follows: [] instruction that is too didactic, a lack of personal contact between teachers andstudents and among students, assessment methods that are inadequate to measuresophisticated learning goals and too little opportunity for students to integrate knowledgefrom different fields and apply what they learn to the solution of real-world problems.(Knapper, 2001: 94) Teaching and learning in Indian higher education fits the above description but in addition it has to contend with deep-rooted complex issues and problems stemming primarily from a previously racially divided and unequal education system. In addition, large classes are an endemic feature of most university courses posing an additional challenge in the teaching of a diverse student population. Indian higher education institutions are faced with a myriad teaching and learning challenges. In this paper we focus on a few of these: academic preparedness, multilingulism in a first language context, large classes and inadequate curriculum design. In the next section, we look at ways in which ICTs have been used to respond to these challenges at one Indian higher education institution. Academic preparedness Students from disadvantaged educational backgrounds as well students from privileged backgrounds generally enter higher education with gaps in the knowledge and skills required for studying particularly in key areas such as mathematics (Paras, 2001, Howie Pietersen, 2001) and science. Given the pressure to increase the diversity of the student population of Indian higher education, assessing students potential for success in higher education has gained increasing importance, particularly since the school-leaving certificate is currently viewed as an inadequate measure of a students potential for success in higher education. In a country such as India, for instance, school-leaving certification has had aparticularly unreliable relationship with higher education academic performance especiallyin cases where this certification intersects with factors such as mother tongue versusmedium-of instruction differences, inadequate school backgrounds and demographicvariables such as race and socio-economic status (Yeld, 2001; Badha, et al, 1986;Scochet, 1986; Potter Jamotte, 1985). (Cliff et al., 2003) Alternative placement tests have therefore been used in conjunction with school-leaving certificates to admit students with potential into higher education studies (Cliff et al., 2003). Consequently, many of these students may be under-prepared in that they may not possess the necessary language or mathematical proficiencies required for higher education or may have gaps in the foundational disciplinary knowledge. Furthermore, university tasks present challenges for under-prepared students (Hardman Ngambi, 2003). Although support programmes to address academic under-preparedness of students from both advantaged as well as disadvantaged groups are offered at many Indian higher education institutions, they are resource intensive. It is therefore worth paying attention to additional resources and expertise offered by educational technology. Multilingualism in a first language environment India is a multilingual society with 11 official languages. This diversity is reflected in the student population of Indian higher education institutions. A recent study by Czerniewicz Brown (2005) on higher education students and academic staffs access to and use of computers in five Indian universities found that 39% of respondents spoke English as a home language and 54% spoke other languages. At the University of Cape Town, on average 65% of the student population declared English as their first language while 35% have home languages in the other Indian official languages and other international languages (Spiegel et al., 2003). English is therefore a second or foreign language for many Indian higher education students. In most black Indian schools, English as a subject is taught as a second language. Higher education students from disadvantaged educational backgrounds therefore have to learn in their second or third language. A considerable body of research (Cummins, 1996; Gee, 1990) has shown that language and academic success are closely related and that academic language proficiency is far more difficult to acquire in a second language. Students learning in their second or third language are therefore at a disadvantage which is compounded by poor schooling background. The relationship between language and academic success is reflected in the throughput rates of English second language students when compared to the throughput rates of English first language students. At the University of Cape Town, for example, the difference in throughput rates between English first language and second language students in 2002 was more than 20% in several degrees/programmes (Spiegel et al., 2003). Large classes The growth of mass higher education has made large classes an endemic feature of several courses at higher education institutions. Large class sizes make it difficult for teachers to employ interactive teaching strategies (Nicol Boyle, 2003) or to gain insight into the difficulties experienced by students. Large classes pose problems for all students but students who are under-prepared are particularly affected. It is these contexts that provide useful opportunities for educational technologies. Curriculum design Curriculum design is a relatively under-engaged area within higher education debate, policy formulation and practices (Barnett Coate, 2005). Pressure to transform curricula at a macrolevel to the needs of industry and the economy in India is reflected in the National commission on higher educations policy framework (1996) for higher education transformation. There is a strong inclination towards closed-system disciplinary approaches andprogrammes that has led to inadequately contextualised teaching and research. Thecontent of the knowledge produced and disseminated is insufficiently responsive to theproblems and needs of the African continent, the southern African region, or the vastnumbers of poor and rural people in our society.In response to policy intentions, Indian higher education has implemented a curriculum restructuring policy aimed at the development of inter- or multidisciplinary degree programmes (Moore, 2003). While policy has resulted in curriculum shifts on a macro le vel, curricula contents at a micro-level are driven by disciplinary specialists. Undergraduate curricula remain predominantly theoretical but require that students have some knowledge of the contexts to make sense of theory. In this paper, we are concerned with the way in which ICTs can play a role in shaping curriculum design at the micro-level. ICTs open up new ways of accessing information thereby changing the relationships between students and between students and their teachers. Access to primary sources in the form of video, audio and photographs which may be contained in digital archives have the potential to influence the content of curricula because it makes previously inaccessible information available. In addition, ICTs enable lecturers to transform their teaching practices by facilitating student-student discussion and collaboration or by simulating ‘real-world problems thus providing students with authentic learning experiences. In this section, we discussed some of the teaching and learning challenges experienced by educators and students in higher education. In the next section, we examine the role of educational technology in responding to these challenges and provide some examples. RESPONDING TO THE CHALLENGES Since the teaching and learning challenges are multi-faceted, multi-pronged approaches are needed in order to attempt to solve some of these problems. Dede (1998) postulates: [] information technology is a cost-effective investment only in the context of a systemicreform. Unless other simultaneous innovations in pedagogy, curriculum, assessment, andschool organization are coupled to the usage of instructional technology, the time and effortexpended on implementing these devices produces few improvements in educationaloutcomes and reinforces many educators cynicism about fads based on magicalmachines. We infer from Dede that there are several inter-related factors that influence improvements in educational outcomes. Thus together, pedagogy, curriculum, assessment and organisation contribute to bringing about improvements in the educational process. Although educational technology is not the panacea for educational challenges, it does leverage and extend traditional teaching and learning activities in certain circumstances and hence has the potential to impact on learning outcomes. Knapper (2001) argues that: [] technology may be a good solution for some instructional problems, and in some casesit may be a partial solution. But in other instances technology does little to address thefundamental teaching and learning issue or even worse provides a glitzy butinappropriate solution to a problem that has simply been misconstrued. (Knapper, 2001:94) The trick is to identify situations where educational technology will be appropriate and when and how to use educational technology in these situations. There are times where technology may not be useful and may indeed be counter-productive. However, there are many times when educational technology offers a solution for problems that would be difficult, cumbersome or impossible to resolve in a face-to-face environment. Numerous manuals, websites and articles have been devoted to suggesting, explaining and modelling the ways that educational technology can be used to support teaching and learning. We agree with Laurillard (2001) that it is important that educational technology-based resources be appropriately matched to both teaching and learning activities. Table 1 adapted from Laurillard (2001) usefully explains how educational technology can be integrated into the curriculum. Laurillards guidelines are useful in that they provide a framework which relates ICT-based resources to particular teaching and learning activities. The guidelines therefore suggest particular uses of ICT for particular teaching and learning situations. The effectiveness of ICTs for teaching and learning, however, is largely dependent on how much the context is understood. Thus, there is a need to relate educational technology to actual challenges experienced by both students and lecturers in the Indian educational context. OHagan (1999) suggests that educational technology can be used to present and provide content, assess students learning, provide feedback, scaffold student learning and enable peer-to-peer collaborative learning. The choice of appropriate teaching and learning activities is dependent on a range of factors such as the curriculum or course objectives; i.e. the purpose of the teaching and learning, the educators preferred teaching approach, the learning styles of the student and the nature of the curriculum content. Although we advocate that teachers should use the teaching approach that suits their paradigm of teaching and learning, we believe that the use of educational technology provides teachers with opportunities for traversing an entire continuum of possibilities as may be appropriate to their teaching needs. Educational technology creates affordances for a range of different teaching and learning activities which the teacher may not have used or considered. Table 1: Teaching and learning events and associated media forms Responding to the challenges: examples from curriculum projects The affordances of educational technologies provide ways of being sensitive to wide-ranging and differing learning needs. In this section, we describe some curriculum projects that have attempted to respond to some of the educational challenges faced by students at the University of Cape Town (UCT). For the sake of brevity only overviews are provided. Using interactive spreadsheets to develop mathematical literacy skills As discussed above, many under-prepared students entering university have potential but do not possess the relevant mathematical literacy skills required for certain courses (Frith et al., 2004). These students are often expected to pursue an extended undergraduate degree programme that offers additional support to address mathematical literacy skills. In this case, the teaching challenge is that of finding ways of developing students mathematical literacy skills. Selfcontained interactive spreadsheet-based tutorials were developed for use on the mathematical literacy support courses at UCT and were used in conjunction with face-to-face lectures. A typical tutorial consisted of interactive presentation of relevant mathematics content, examples and exercises. Students were able to work at their own pace and receive immediate feedback. Frith et al. (2004: 163) found that ‘while the lecture room tutorial taught students how to calculate the various statistics, the computer tutoria l was more effective in giving them an understanding of the concepts and they retained better what they had learned. This effect, they argue, is possible due to the shift in emphasis in the computer-based tutorials away from mechanical calculations to demonstrating conceptual understanding. This curriculum project illustrates how educational technology was used to complement teaching and learning and to support the development of students mathematical literacy skills. Using educational technology to develop academic literacy in an economics course Economics at university level poses particular difficulties for students since lecturers assume prior knowledge of the economy. Unfortunately, many students from previously disadvantaged communities have very limited knowledge of the economy at the start of their university careers. Under-prepared first year students encounter further difficulties due to a lack of academic literacy skills. The Industry Research Project (Carr et al., 2002) was designed to address economic literacy while simultaneously dealing with language and communication skills of UCT economic students. Interactive excel spreadsheets in conjunction with short writing tasks in the form of online discussions, short essays, reports and presentations were used in academic development economics courses at UCT. These tasks or activities provided a range of opportunities for students to develop understanding of economic discourses through writing in economics. Although Carr et al. (2002: 5) found it difficult to measure t he impact of these tutorials, which formed a small part of the first year economics curriculum, they observed that the interactive spreadsheets were effective teaching tools in that tutors were able to focus students attention on economics issues rather than procedural issues and that the quality of articles produced by students improved due to the online feedback provided during the process of drafting articles online. This curriculum project demonstrates the use of educational technology in conjunction with face-to-face activities in addressing students academic literacy skills. Using educational technology to manage tutorials in large classes Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS) based tutorials system called MOVES were developed around Excel and Word to teach computer literacy to first year Information System students at UCT. MOVES incorporated computer-assisted marking techniques and provided feedback to lecturers and students. The significance of this project is that it typifies the problems of teaching a large and diverse class. The computer literacy levels of these students are diverse, with some students not havingtouched a computer before to students who have had home computer and internet facilitiessince the age of five. The immediate challenge this diversity poses on teaching is that it isnot practical to pitch the lecture at an appropriate level to meet all students at their level ofknowledge. The other challenge is in providing feedback messages that are relevant anduseful to individual students. (Ngambi Seymour, 2004: 255). Ngambi and Seymour (2004: 257) report that the MOVES tutorials saved time for tutors since tutorials were marked and results captured electronically, lecturers had access to student performance and students found the immediate feedback useful in that misconceptions could be dealt with immediately. The significance of this project is that it illustrates how educational technology is used to facilitate teaching and learning in large classes. Influencing curriculum design Many university courses are theory driven and assume that students have knowledge or real world experience and can therefore make the links between theory and practice. Students often have limited experience or practical knowledge and therefore have difficulty in understanding theory. Deacon et al. (2005) report on the use of educational technology to simulate film editing. The Directors Cut was produced and used in a Film and Media course at UCT to provide students with insights into the practical processes involved in filmmaking without engaging in the actual process of editing. Exposing students to actual editing is expensive and impractical in a large course. The intervention provided individual students with an authentic learning environment through a simulation. Students sequenced film clips, hence simulating the role of an editor through a simplified version of the editing process. In this way, the focus is on key learning aspects of film narrative and spectatorship and linked theory to the ‘practice of film editing. Similarly, Carr et al. (2004) report on an International Trade bargaining simulation developed for an economics course where students assumed the role of national trade negotiators representing specific countries. Lecturers and tutors assumed the role of World Trade Organisation (WTO) officials in a semi-authentic process designed to teach students negotiation and bargaining skills similar to those required by professional trade negotiators. The two projects reported here exemplify ways in which educational technology was used to impact on the design of the respective curricula by providing students with experiences which are difficult to provide in face-to-face environments. CONCLUSION Indian universities face increasing pressure from government to meet the needs of social transformation in education. Indian government policy on social transformation in education requires increasing the representation of Black Indians and women among students and graduates and significantly improving the graduation rates and throughput of Black Indian students. Given the social-historical context of India, meeting the educational challenges associated with this noble goal requires re-conceptualisation of how educational technologies are applied so as to make an impact. The paper has proposed a model for teaching and learning activities that are associated with media forms. The model has been substantiated with examples of the application of educational technologies to teaching mathematical literacy, academic literacy, management of large classes, and ways of influencing curriculum design. Our argument is that technology alone is not a solution to the educational challenges faced in India. The challenges lie in identifying and conceptualising ways that educational technology can usefully contribute to student learning experiences, curriculum and pedagogical designs. The paper demonstrates and argues that educational technology has a key role to play in Indian higher education as one of the strategies for addressing teaching and learning concerns. This challenges learning designers to rethink the role of educational technology within broader educational interventions that are shaped by educational needs rather than being technologically driven.

The Painted Veil – Presentation Note

Lift Not The Painted Veil Which Those Who Live Lift not the painted veil which those who live Call Life: though unreal shapes be pictured there, And it but mimic all we would believe With colours idly spread,–behind, lurk Fear And Hope, twin Destinies; who ever weave Their shadows, o'er the chasm, sightless and drear. I knew one who had lifted it–he sought, For his lost heart was tender, things to love, But found them not, alas! nor was there aught The world contains, the which he could approve. Through the unheeding many he did move, A splendour among shadows, a bright blot Upon this gloomy scene, a Spirit that stroveFor truth, and like the Preacher found it not. Percy Bysshe Shelley Charlie Townsend Post: married British vice consul = smart, sensible and he knows very well of what’s going on evidence – after walter walked away when he first found them in Kitty’s room, kitty was so panic but townsend knows that Dr. Fane will do nth. To cause any sc andal – when he’s discussing about the dealing with strikes(walkouts)/ boycotts in Shanghai with businessmen in the Colony Club, he banned the suggestion of seeking help from Chiang Kai-Shek as he knew that he’s a nationalist that must stand on the side of Chinese, he will not help them suppressing the strike. mature and experienced woman-hunter , very dissolute person and he’s unfaithful to his wife Evidence –flirted kitty from the very first moment they’ve met when they’re watching the Chinese opera ?Telling kitty what happened to the actor in the opera which he thinks that it may be similar to Kitty (she weeps for the lively, vivacious girl she once was? the lonely woman she has become; she weeps for the love she’ll never feel, for the love she’ll never give) to flirt Kitty ? made Kitty believes that he understands her, admire her ? Charlie Townsend found it so easy to get hold of her As described by Waddington: he ha d his little flirtations +As described by Dorothy: the women who fell for her husband were so consistently second-rate ? even his wife knows that her husband is a gallant/licentious/dissolute person that flirts many women +having an affair with Kitty? adultery, he only sees Kitty as his mistress to satisfy his physical needs (attachment: lever) Dorothy is more important to him because â€Å"whatever happens, we must try to keep Dorothy out of it† ? did not want to hurt Dorothy and nth in the world could induce him to divorce herWomen are always under the impression that men love them more that they really do. Film language – = selfish, vain and incapable of caring for anyone but himself Care for his reputation/ job/ post: â€Å"do you have any idea of the importance of my station here? † – at that time, there’ll be many rumors that ruin the reputation of a man if anyone divorce his wife and marry another woman. Therefore he cares more about his rep utation, his position than what will happen on Kitty if he does not marry her, as Kitty is just someone means very little to him.Film language – =a person who made false promise Evidence – sent kitty a ring as a gift – RING: symbolize love, faith and commitment. He proclaimed that he loves Kitty when he was having sex with Kitty, actually he does not love her, it’s just a way to flirt Kitty and make Kitty willing to continue the affair with him. – promised that he would help solve the problem when Kitty was forced to be divorced. After 5 years, at last, he still did nth, not even a letter to show his concern. â€Å"I should have written†Film language – Why Townsend treat Kitty as close as 5 years ago when he later met her in London? =the only one that failed to change in the film He never learn from any experience or errors that he has made; Besides, he does not think that he had done sth wrong? does not feel sorry /guilty for breakin g Kitty’s marriage He tried to date Kitty again in his later few weeks in London (to see if there’re any more chances for him to flirt kitty again, like 5 years ago) – described by Kitty – â€Å"no one important† 0th century that artists began to use it fully; a pipe would stand for thoughtfulness and calm; the cigarette symbolized modernity, strength and youth, but also nervous anxiety; the cigar was a sign of authority, wealth and power. The decades following World War II, during the apex of smoking when the practice had still not come under fire by the growing anti-smoking movement, a cigarette casually tucked between the lips represented the young rebel, epitomized in actors like Marlon Brando and James Dean or mainstays of advertising like the Marlboro Man.It was not until the 1970s when the negative aspects of smoking began to appear; the unhealthy lower-class loser, reeking of cigarette smoke and lack of motivation and drive, especially in a rt inspired or commissioned by anti-smoking campaigns. [ Literature Just as in other types of fiction, smoking has had an important place in literature and smokers are often portrayed as characters with great individuality, or outright eccentrics, something typically personified in one of the most iconic smoking literary figures of all, Sherlock Holmes.Other than being a frequent part of short stories and novels, smoking has spawned endless eulogies, praising its qualities and affirming the author's identity as a devoted smoker. Especially during the late 19th century and early 20th century, a panoply of books with titles like Tobacco: Its History and associations (1876), Cigarettes in Fact and Fancy (1906) and Pipe and Pouch: The Smokers Own Book of Poetry (1905) were written in the UK and the US.The titles were written by men for other men and contained general tidbits and poetic musings about the love for tobacco and all things related to it, and frequently praised the refined ba chelor's life. The Fragrant Weed: Some of the Good Things Which Have been Said or Sung about Tobacco, published in 1907, contained, among many others, the following lines from the poem A Bachelor's Views by Tom Hall that were typical of the attitude in many of the books: The cover of My Lady Nicotine: A Study in Smoke (1896) by J. M. Barrie, otherwise best known for his play Peter Pan. â€Å"So let us drinkTo her, – but think Of him who has to keep her; And sans a wife Let's spend our life In bachelordom, – it's cheaper. † —Eugene Umberger[68] These works were all published in an era before the cigarette had become the dominant form of tobacco consumption and pipes, cigars and chewing tobacco were still commonplace. Many of the books were published in novel packaging that would attract the learned smoking gentleman. Pipe and Pouch came in a leather bag resembling a tobacco pouch and Cigarettes in Fact and Fancy (1901) came bound in leather, packaged in an imitation cardboard cigar box.By the late 1920s, the publication of this type of literature largely abated and was only sporadically revived in the later 20th century. [69] Cigarettes in old films were early forms of ‘product placement' 5. Cigarettes as Phallic Symbols Back during the Hays Code days, cigarettes were clever devices used as metaphoric hints at sexual activity. When characters shared cigarettes, such as in Now, Voyager, To Have and Have Not and Rope, it implied a sex act. When Marlene Dietrich held a cigarette in any of her films, the prop was a phallic symbol implicit in projecting an image of bisexuality.And ironically, in a film as explicit as 9 ? Weeks, a cigarette may have been a required stand-in for Mickey Rourke’s penis during a strip-tease scene, because male nudity continues to be a taboo while the naked female body is common on the big screen. However, not all cigarettes in films represent sex and/or phallus, but due to the heavy employment of the prop in such a way for so many years, it’s hard for moviegoers (particularly those of us with film studies degrees) to think of them as anything but sex symbols.Fortunately, Hollywood is being forced to censor out cigarettes from their movies (for even featuring a pack of cigarettes), and meanwhile they continue to break sexual taboos at the same time. So this cliche is likely to go way very soon. Friendship Since friendship is not a very important issue in the Painted Veil, Compared to love and death, I’ll just talk about the more significant one. = kitty and Waddington At the very first beginning: Then: At the end: = Dr Fane and Colonel Yu When Colonel Yu met Walter, Then, after At the end: =Kitty and sung chingAt first, Sung Ching was appointed by Colonel Yu to protect Kitty due to the anti-foreigner atmosphere in china, kitty felt like she was guard as a prisoner Then, she started to reject Sun Ching’s protection and treat him badly when she was finding Mr. Waddington for mailing the letter, tell him to go away and she does not need him At the climax of the anti-foreigner movement, Sun Ching saved Kitty and Walter from the crowd, on the next day, kitty then ask Sun Ching to come with her friendly. Mei-tan-fu Background info = a village mad up by the author, not a real village (at first ? lanned to build a new village of Mei-tan-fu in Guangxi, however, the cost is too huge and overwhelming ? sent a scout to find a village for the film ? found a completely untouched village = Huang Yao – 800 years history; untouched because there’s no telegraph poles or anything else to contact people in other places? perfect for shooting The rivers and mountains shoots are taken from Huang Yao, it’s from Guangxi ~> on-location (means the film is shot at the actual place where the action occurs) Mei-tan fu is a place with many significance in the film, please pick one to and explain why.Significances: = new home of the Fanes = the place where death rest – Chinese villagers/ walter/ kitty seeing two corpses + colour of lights 1st: the corpse of a villager pass along the same road of Kitty and Walter’s sadden chairs 2nd: the hut where kitty and walter stays – the doll on the bed of kitty’s room Walter: â€Å"I won’t touch that if I were you, they may have died in that bed† 3rd: the corpse of a villager on the side of the road when Kitty walked out from Mr, Waddington’s house 4th: the bodies are buried too close to the river th: the death of Sister Maryse 6th: the soldiers removing corpses from the villagers’ house 7th:the death of walter =a place for reunion -kitty and walter=a place where they fall in love again Before the union, Walter and Kitty were separated spiritually due to the affair . /. kitty and charlie How – after kitty had heard from the nuns about Walter helping the orphans? stating to know that he is a good man and wants to impro ve their relationship.After Walter had seen Kitty playing with the orphans, he started to have better feelings for Kitty After the union, their relationship has been recovered, they even have sex after drinking with Mr. Waddington and XX. Then they travel on the boat to let Kitty visit the water XX. =changes brought by cholera(+ve and -ve) – kitty(+ve)/ walter(+ve &-ve)/ colonel yu(+ve) Described by Kitty- no place for a woman; madness for me to go Described by Dr. Fane – small town on a tributary of Yangtze River, in the interior Film language: colour of light, long shot,